Wednesday, February 10, 2010

Climate craps: Global warming and uncertainty (or what to say when you hear "the science is not settled!")

First was Snowpocalypse. Then Snowmageddon. And now the third major snowstorm to hit DC this year... Snowtf? I'm not even kidding, people are snowboarding down Lee Highway outside my window.


So naturally, it's time for a global warming post. And NYT journalist Andy Revkin's provided a good starting point, dropping an illuminating bit of insight in a post Tuesday evening:
But after reviewing the chapter myself just now, I have to say that at least one passage — as far as I can tell — did not contain a single caveat and did not reflect the underlying body of evidence and analysis at the time (or even now):
Human-induced warming of the climate system is widespread. Anthropogenic warming of the climate system can be detected in temperature observations taken at the surface, in the troposphere and in the oceans.
I have yet to see anyone provide definitive evidence — with no error bars — that the fingerprint of human-generated greenhouse gases (or other emissions or actions) is unequivocal. The only thing described as “unequivocal” in the report was the warming, not the cause, unless I really haven’t been paying attention for the last two decades.

The language around "no error bars" is what I wanted to call out here, because it reflects a widely held belief that there's a bright line between certain and uncertain - and more importantly, that it's prudent to wait until we're "certain" about something before taking any action. Indeed, it's this notion - that there's such a thing as "certainty" in science - which enables deniers and delayers to get away with spouting alarmist nonsense like, "the science is not settled!" and "we shouldn't risk trillions of dollars in GDP until we know for certain humans are causing global warming!"

The problem is, as any true skeptic knows, there's no such thing as certainty in science - at least to the degree that a scientific study could ever hope to show "no error bars." Remember, even something as obvious as gravity still has scientific uncertainty associated with it; Einstein proved that gravity's nature was different than how Isaac Newton imagined it, and even Einstein's theories are not reconciled with Quantum Mechanics.

This is especially true for climate science, which is intimately concerned with predicting the future. The earth is not a controlled experiment that allows scientists to add CO2 and empirically test the precise amount of warming that results. There are simply too many variables not in scientists' control. To predict the consequences of carbon emissions, we must therefore rely on climate models built from our best understanding of how the climate system works. And yes, those models are uncertain, with error bars greater than zero: as with any prediction of future events, you inherently can never be certain you're right until those events have already occurred. Certainty can only exist with hindsight.

But here's the kicker: once we're in a position to make hindsight judgments on CO2, once we've reached the point that we can empirically assess CO2's impact on climate in the real world, it will be too late to avert the effects. This is because once CO2 gets into the atmosphere, it takes several decades for the temperature to catch up with the new energy imbalance (see here, here, and here for explanations).  So even if you stopped all CO2 emissions today, there would still be warming left "in the pipeline."  Moreover, it's likely that once warming crosses a certain threshold, certain feedbacks will take over that drive continued warming regardless of what happens with CO2. Choices we make today commit us to consequences tomorrow.


Thus, as in any facet of life, we must make decisions today in a world of uncertainty, based on our best predictions of what will happen tomorrow; past a certain point, debating levels of certainty is a fruitless recipe for dithering and delay.  A businessman who waits for certainty that an investment will pay off will lose the opportunity to a bolder entrepreneur.

Similarly, by the time we've received empirical confirmation of how much humans are contributing to global warming, it will be too late to do anything about it. We can't be certain whether a doubling of CO2 will ultimately result in 1.1 degrees C or 6.4 degrees C of warming, but we can make a pretty good guess, and the latter end of that spectrum would result in a nightmarish world out of "science fiction."  It seems prudent, therefore, to invest a small amount of GDP as insurance against the risk of catastrophe.  (Indeed, as The Economist points out in making this argument, the investment required to curb global warming is less than the world spends on insurance every year). 73% of economists and the world's biggest re-insurance company agree with me.

The bottom line: Just because we are not certain whether or not bad events will happen in the future does not mean we should not take action to hedge against those risks. By definition, if your condition for acting on greenhouse gases is 100% certainty in the science, then we can never act in time to make an impact. If you want to gamble our future by continuing to emit greenhouse gases, the question becomes, do you feel lucky? Well, do ya punk?

Just don't expect the rest of us to play at your climate craps table.



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  1. Nice Blog!

    I understand that science is uncertain - and Andy Revkin is a despicable puke.

    But don't you think we can say climate change is already, empirically here?

    Temperatures and sea level are already rising, glaciers and polar ice are already melting, storms are already bigger and stronger. Droughts are spreading, and spring comes earlier for plants.

    It doesn't take a degree in physics or evolutionary biology to see this is not going to end well.

    To pretend otherwise and wait for future proof of models seems like just another form of denialism.

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  2. Well I've never met Revkin, so let's hold off on passing judgment. I disagree with the way he gives deniers a forum, but I think that's the journalistic training coming through, judging whether or not to report what someone says based on how influential they are rather than how right they are. (That said, true deniers like Watts and Inhofe deserve whatever scorn you want to heap on them).

    As for empirical evidence, you're absolutely right that there's empirical evidence that the earth has warmed over the past 100 years. The question is, how much of that has been caused by humans, and how much additional warming will continued CO2 emissions cause? Nearly all scientists agree that there's strong evidence that most of the warming is manmade, and we've got a lot more to come on our current course. But irrefutable, unequivocal proof, with no error bars? Well that can only be known in hindsight, by which time it's too late. So my point is that yes, we're *only* 97% certain, but that's enough to act.

    I'm using an unrealistically high bar for the definition of "empirical" to make the point of criticizing the demand for "no error bars": that if at this point you still want more proof of AGW before you'll agree to act, then your standard for certainty is so impossibly high that we could never act.

    For a more realistic, scientific explanation of how we know humans are causing global warming, check out this post:

    http://www.skepticalscience.com/empirical-evidence-for-global-warming.htm

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  3. Well, this reminds me of when I was taught (long long ago!) in college that the "theory" of plate tectonics was controversial and not settled.

    I was just incredulous. I mean, there's no reason to dot every i and cross every t to see when something makes perfect sense. If it explains all the facts, and nothing else explains all the facts well then, it's time to move along and deal with reality, not quibble over details.

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